Have the Imaginary Concepts of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Finally Run Their Course?

 
In the last few decades, cosmologists have converged on a description of the birth and development of our Universe that is very successful at explaining what we have discovered using telescopes and scientific probes. But the description is not yet complete. To explain decades of astrophysical observations, it posits two mysterious new components: Dark Matter and Dark Energy, which are thought to comprise 96 percent of the combined total of mass and energy in the Universe. However now, a University of Geneva researcher has shown that the accelerating expansion of the universe and the movement of the stars in the galaxies can be explained without drawing on the concepts of Dark Matter and Dark Energy... And that these two imaginary entities may not actually exist. (Image Credit: NASA)

A University of Geneva researcher has recently shown that the accelerating expansion of the Universe and the movement of the stars in galaxies can be explained without drawing on the concepts of Dark Matter and Dark Energy... And their work is pointing to a very inconvenient conclusion -- These two entities may not actually exist.

History provides us with many examples where scientists have simply invented ideas out of thin air to help explain away things that are just not understood. In some ways, Dark Matter and Dark Energy bring to mind another imaginary concept -- the so called "Aether Wind" of the 1800s. Back then, everybody just "knew" that space was filled with an "Aether Wind." The problem was that no one had ever seen it nor measured it.

In 1887, Albert Michelson and Edward Morley set out to prove the existence of Aether Wind once and for all. Their experiment failed spectacularly in its attemt to detect any Aether Wind, but in the process they showed that the whole concept of Aether Wind, which most scientists at the time simply accepted as fact, was flawed -- There was no such thing.

Albert Michelson eventually won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907 for this work and became the first American to do so.

Will this new work on Dark Matter and Dark Energy lead to the development of a Michelson-Morley-like experiment for the 21st century? Time will tell.

For close on a century, researchers have hypothesised that the Universe contains more matter than can be directly observed, known as Dark Matter. They have also posited the existence of a Dark Energy that is more powerful than gravitational attraction. These two hypotheses, it has been argued, account for the movement of stars in galaxies and for the accelerating expansion of the universe respectively.

But, according to researchers at the University of Geneva (UNIGE)in Switzerland, these concepts may no longer be valid. Their work shows that the phenomena they are supposed to describe can be demonstrated without them. This research, which is published in The Astrophysical Journal, exploits a new theoretical model based on the scale invariance of empty space, and potentially solves two of astronomy's greatest mysteries.

In 1933, the Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky made a discovery that left the scientific world speechless. There was, claimed Zwicky, substantially more matter in the universe than we could actually see. Astronomers called this unknown matter "Dark matter," a concept that was to take on yet more importance in the 1970s, when the US astronomer Vera Rubin called on this enigmatic matter to explain the movements and speed of the stars.

Scientists have subsequently devoted considerable resources to detecting Dark Matter -- in space, on the ground, and even at CERN -- but without success. In 1998 there was a second thunderclap. A team of Australian and US astrophysicists discovered the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe, earning them the Nobel Prize for physics in 2011.

However, in spite of the enormous resources that have been implemented, no theory or observation has been able to define this Dark Energy that is allegedly stronger than Newton's gravitational attraction. In short, Dark Matter and Dark Energy are two mysteries that have had astronomers stumped for over 80 years and 20 years respectively.

The generally accepted way we represent the Universe and its history are described by Einstein's equations of general relativity, Newton's universal gravitation, and quantum mechanics. The consensus model of the Universe at present is that of a Big Bang followed by an expansion.

"In this model, there is a starting hypothesis that hasn't been taken into account, in my opinion," says Andre Maeder, honorary professor in the Department of Astronomy in UNIGE's Faculty of Science. "By that I mean the scale invariance of the empty space. In other words, the empty space and its properties do not change following a dilatation or contraction."

Empty space plays a primordial role in Einstein's equations as it operates in a quantity known as a "Cosmological Constant," and the resulting Universe model depends on it. Based on this hypothesis, Maeder is now re-examining the model of the Universe, pointing out that the scale invariance of the empty space is also present in the fundamental theory of electromagnetism.

Do we finally have an explanation for the expansion of the universe and the speed of the galaxies?

When Maeder carried out cosmological tests on his new model, he found that it matched the observations. He also found that the model predicts the accelerated expansion of the Universe without having to factor in any particle or Dark Energy. In short, it appears that Dark Energy may not actually exist since the acceleration of the expansion is contained in the equations of the physics.

In a second stage, Maeder focused on Newton's law, a specific instance of the equations of general relativity. The law is also slightly modified when the model incorporates Maeder's new hypothesis. Indeed, it contains a very small outward acceleration term, which is particularly significant at low densities. This amended law, when applied to clusters of galaxies, leads to masses of clusters in line with that of visible matter (contrary to what Zwicky argued in 1933). 

This means that no Dark Matter is needed to explain the high speeds of the galaxies in the clusters. A second test demonstrated that this law also predicts the high speeds reached by the stars in the outer regions of the galaxies (as Rubin had observed), without having to turn to Dark Matter to describe them.

Finally, a third test looked at the dispersion of the speeds of the stars oscillating around the plane of the Milky Way. This dispersion, which increases with the age of the relevant stars, can be explained very well using the invariant empty space hypothesis, while there was before no agreement on the origin of this effect.

Maeder's discovery paves the way for a new concept in astronomy -- One that will certainly raise questions and generate controversy. "The announcement of this model, which at last solves two of astronomy's greatest mysteries, remains true to the spirit of science -- Nothing can ever be taken for granted, not in terms of experience, observation, or the reasoning of human beings," concludes Andre Maeder.

Source: Guy Pirro