Supernova 1987A was the first stellar explosion witnessed with unaided eyes in more than 400 years. Its brightness, with a peak apparent magnitude of +2.9, was due in part to its proximity, as it's located in the Milky Way's largest satellite galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud. In the decades since its discovery, SN1987A has provided astronomers with a practically backyard laboratory to investigate how supernovae accelerate particles to speeds undreamed of by Earthbound physicists.
Taken in 2006, this Hubble image shows the region around SN 1987A. The most prominent feature is the light-year-wide ring, where the supernova's shock wave slammed into clumps of material, causing them to glow as hotspots. The two bright objects are a pair of stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
Now, Giovanna Zanardo (University of Western Australia) and colleagues report the first-ever map of the magnetic field that courses through the hot gas surrounding the collapse star. The results appear in the June 29th Astrophysical Journal Letters.
The researchers collected radio waves at frequencies between 20 and 50 GHz using the Australia Telescope Compact Array and measured the waves' linear polarization, which told the researchers how the incoming radio waves were aligned. “The picture shows what it would look like if you could sprinkle iron filings over the expanding cloud of debris, 170 thousand light years away”, says study coauthor Bryan Gaensler (University of Toronto).
A map of the SN 1987A remnant with short orange lines showing the orientation of the magnetic field.
Giovanna Zanardo
You'd be forgiven for thinking that the magnetic field ought to align with the remnant's donut-shaped ring of heated gas — older supernova remnants often have such magnetic fields. But younger remnants — and at 31 years old, SN 1987A is the youngest known — instead host magnetic fields that poke outward like the spokes of a wheel.
While not entirely unexpected, this magnetic-field alignment also isn't entirely understood. "We have some theories as to what is going on, but there’s no firm consensus," Gaensler says.
Since the magnetic field goes all the way through the bright ring of emission, it encompasses the full range of shock waves that the supernova produced. It could be that, as particles are accelerated to high energies over the shock fronts, they amplify the magnetic field. The result is a magnetic field that's combed out all the way to the shell's edge.
Watching the magnetic fields evolve over time will give astronomers a first-hand view of how nature's particle accelerators work.